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Inseln

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Karte
Karte von Saint John's Island

St. John’s

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1 Saint John’s Island​ ​ , auch bekannt als St. John’s, ist eine Insel in der Straße von Singapur, die 6,5 km vor der Südküste des Stadtstaates liegt.[1] Mit einer Fläche von 0 km² ist sie die größte Insel des Sisters’ Islands Marine Park, zu denen auch die Sisters’ Islands und Pulau Tekukor gehören.[1][2][3] St. John’s wurde im 19. Jahrhundert von den Briten zusammen mit dem Festland Singapurs kolonisiert und war Standort eines kolonialen Quarantänezentrums. Im 20. Jahrhundert diente die Insel als Haftanstalt, Drogenrehabilitationszentrum und Flüchtlingssiedlung. Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts erlangte Singapur seine Unabhängigkeit und behielt die Souveränität über St. John’s. Heute dient die Insel als Erholungsgebiet sowie als Forschungs- und Entwicklungszentrum für die Aquakultur.

Namensherkunft

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Ursprünglich trug die St. John’s Island den Namen Sekijang (auch Sakijang genannt), der sich aus den beiden malaiischen Wörtern si und kijang zusammensetzt; „si“ bedeutet entweder bellen, ein oder Reh; „kijang“ bedeutet Hirsch. Einem Mitglied der britischen Delegation von Stamford Raffles, John Crawfurd, zufolge hatten sie den lokalen Namen der Insel als St. John fehlinterpretiert, als sie 1819 versuchten, einen Hafen auf der Nachbarinsel Singapur zu errichten.

Auf Karten wie der britischen Admiralitätskarte des Hafens von Singapur aus dem Jahr 1892 wurden St. John’s und Lazarus Island als West und East St. John’s oder St. John’s No. 1 und No. 2 bezeichnet. In anderen Karten, wie z.  B. 1872 British Possessions In The Indian Seas, wurde St. John’s als Sikajang Island und Lazarus Island als St. John’s Island bezeichnet. Schließlich wurde der malaiische Name der St. John’s Island zu Sekijang Bendera, wobei der Begriff Bendera auf Malaiisch Flagge bedeutet, was auf einen Fahnenmast zurückgeführt wird, der von 1823 bis 1833 auf der Insel existierte.[4] East St. John’swurde später offiziell in Lazarus Island umbenannt, auch bekannt als „Convalescent Island“, nachdem dort 1899 ein Beriberi-Krankenhaus gebaut worden war. Lazarus Island ist heute als Pulau Sekijang Pelepah in Malaiisch bekannt, wobei pelepah „Palmenblätter“ bedeutet.

Der ursprüngliche chinesische Name von St. John’s ist Qizhangshan (Pinyin: Qízhāngshān), was Berg Qizhang bedeutet und sich auf einen Hügel im Zentrum der Insel bezieht, eine Transliteration von Sekijang. Der chinesische Name wurde später offiziell durch eine Übersetzung des englischen Namens „St. John’s Island“ (chinesisch: 圣约翰岛; Pinyin: Shèngyuēhàndǎo) ersetzt.

Geschichte

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Am 28. Januar 1819 ankerte eine Delegation unter der Leitung des Kolonialbeamten Sir Stamford Raffles vor St. John’s, einen Tag bevor sie auf dem Festland von Singapur ankam, um einen britischen Handelshafen zu errichten.[5] Nachdem der Hafen im selben Jahr eröffnet worden war, wurde auf der Insel St. John’s eine Signalstation mit einem Signalmast errichtet.[4][6] Die Signalstation informierte die vorbeifahrenden Schiffe in der Straße von Singapur über den neuen Hafen. Sie hatte auch die Aufgabe, den Flaggenmast zu bedienen, um Schiffssichtungen an den Signalposten auf dem Government Hill im Festland von Singapur zu melden.[6][fn 1]

Um 1830 befanden sich die Einrichtungen auf der St.-John's-Insel, einschließlich des Fahnenmastes, laut Bericht des für öffentliche Arbeiten zuständigen Offiziers in einem baufälligen Zustand[7] und wurden nicht repariert, da die Regierung nicht vorhatte, die St.-John's-Signalstation fortzuführen.[7] Der Fahnenmast auf der St.-John's-Insel wurde 1833 auf den Mount Faber verlegt.[6] Besucher, die die Insel in den folgenden Jahren besuchten, wie der Naturforscher George Bennett und Dr. Robert Little, fanden sie praktisch verlassen vor, mit nur einem malaiischen Bewohner.[8][9]

Quarantäne-Zentrum

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Watercolour painting of St John's Island Quarantine Centre by John Edmund Taylor in 1879

Als die Zahl der Einwanderer nach Singapur ab dem späten 19. Jh zunahm, stieg das Risiko von Epidemien, was zur Einrichtung eines Quarantänezentrums auf St. John’s führte.[10][11][12] Zunächst wurde die Quarantäneverordnung (Nr. 7 von 1868) eingeführt, die allen infizierten Schiffen das Anlegen im Hafen verbot.[13]Im Juli 1873 verursachte jedoch ein Schiff aus Bangkok eine Choleraepidemie, die zwei Monate andauerte und zu 857 Infektionen und 448 Todesfällen führte, obwohl Gouverneur Harry Ord angeordnet hatte, alle Schiffe aus Siam unter Quarantäne zu stellen.[13] Daraufhin schlug der amtierende Master Attendant Henry Ellis vor, eine Quarantänestation auf der St. John’s Insel zu errichten.[14][11] Gouverneur Harry Ord genehmigte den Vorschlag offiziell in einer Rede vor dem Legislativrat am 21. März 1874[15]

Die Quarantänestation auf der St. John’s-Insel wurde im November 1874 eröffnet und diente nicht nur Einwanderern nach Singapur, sondern auch Muslimen, die nach ihrer Pilgerfahrt nach Mekka nach Malaya zurückkehrten. Obwohl Ellis zur Unterstützung der Quarantänestation ein Polizeischiff, ein Krankenhaus auf St. John’s, einen Dampfkutter und einen Friedhof auf der Kusu-Insel geplant hatte, bestand sie bei ihrer Fertigstellung größtenteils aus Attap-Hütten.[16][17] Im Monat ihrer Eröffnung stellte die Station mehr als 1.000 chinesische Passagiere auf der mit Cholera infizierten SS Milton unter Quarantäne, die von Swatow in die britischen Kolonien Penang und Province Wellesley unterwegs war.[18][19] 1890 wurden Muslime auf der Queen Margaret, die von ihrer Hadsch-Pilgerreise zurückkehrten, in St. John’s unter Quarantäne gestellt.[20] 1894 veranlasste der Ausbruch der Beulenpest in Hongkong die Quarantänestation, sich auf die Aufnahme von Beulenpestopfern vorzubereiten. Ein Pestkrankenhaus wurde errichtet und Schiffe wurden inspiziert, wobei im März 1896 ein Fall von Beulenpest festgestellt wurde.[21][17]

Neben dem Pestkrankenhaus wurden weitere Einrichtungen hinzugefügt, als die Station weiter ausgebaut wurde.[22] Ab 1903 wurden mehr als 300.000 Dollar für den Ausbau der Station ausgegeben. Zu den neuen Einrichtungen gehörten Musterungshallen, in denen sich die Passagiere desinfizieren und umziehen konnten, sowie Kesselhäuser zum Desinfizieren von Habseligkeiten.[22] Zu den weiteren Einrichtungen gehörten ein Untersuchungsgericht, eine Polizeistation, ein Gefängnis und eine Kaserne der Sikh-Polizei, ein Postamt, Lagerhäuser für losen Schwefel zum Ausräuchern von Schiffen, ein Tempel und eine Moschee sowie Unterkünfte für die Arbeiter.[22] Außerdem wurde auf Lazarus Island ein Begräbnisplatz für die Verstorbenen der Quarantänestation eingerichtet.[22]

Die verbesserten Einrichtungen kamen rechtzeitig, um 1911 auch als Notunterkünfte für die steigende Zahl von Beriberi-Opfern in den späten 1890er und frühen 1900er Jahren zu dienen. Im August 1911 wurden die überzähligen Patienten und Beriberi-Patienten des Tan Tock Seng Hospitals im St. John's Hospital unter Quarantäne gestellt, da einer der Beriberi-Patienten sich bei einem Cholera-Ausbruch infiziert hatte.[23]

Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die Quarantänestation weiter ausgebaut und war zu einer der größten Quarantänestationen im Britischen Empire geworden.[24][17] Bis 1924 hatte die Quarantänestation auf St. John’s Island eine maximale Kapazität von 6.000 Personen.[24][17] Zwischen 1903 und 1923 untersuchte die Station etwa 8 Millionen Menschen und stellte 300.000 unter Quarantäne.[17] Ein Modell der Quarantänestation war im Malaya-Pavillon auf der British Empire Exhibition in Wembley im April 1924 zu sehen. [24] Bis 1930 war die Quarantänestation impffähig und mit einer Krankenstation, Telefonleitungen und Desinfektionsgebäuden mit Izal-Sprühflüssigkeit ausgestattet. [25] [26] [27] [28]

Trotz der Quarantänegesetze und der Behandlungseinrichtungen auf der Insel wurden nicht alle Passagiere unter Quarantäne gestellt und erhielten aufgrund von Klassendiskriminierung nicht das gleiche Maß an Behandlung.[29] Im Gegensatz zu den Passagieren der Zwischendecksklasse mussten sich die Passagiere der Kabinenklasse (erste und zweite Klasse) keiner Quarantäne unterziehen.[30] Auch die Gesundheitsuntersuchungen für Seeleute waren weniger anspruchsvoll. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden die chinesischen Kulis angeblich mit unzureichendem Essen und ohne Bettzeug versorgt und als Zwangsarbeiter eingesetzt. Beschwerden blieben erfolglos.[31]

Die Quarantänestation von St. John's wurde am 14. Januar 1976 offiziell geschlossen, da die Popularisierung des Flugverkehrs die Zahl der Ankünfte per Schiff drastisch reduziert hatte.[32][33]

As the number of immigrants to Singapore increased from the late 19th century onwards, the risk of epidemics heightened, leading to the establishment of a Quarantine Centre on St John's.[10][11][12] Initially, the Quarantine Ordinance (No. 7 of 1868) was implemented to prohibit all infected ships from docking at port.[13] However, in July 1873, a boat from Bangkok caused a cholera epidemic that lasted two months and resulted in 857 infections and 448 deaths, despite the orders of Governor Harry Ord to quarantine all ships from Siam.[13] Consequently, Acting Master Attendant Henry Ellis proposed that a quarantine station be constructed on St John's Island.[14][11] Governor Harry Ord officially approved the proposal in a speech at the Legislative Council on 21 March 1874.[15]

The St John's Island quarantine station opened in November 1874 and served not just immigrants to Singapore but also Muslims returning to Malaya after their pilgrimage to Mecca. Although Ellis had plans for a police ship, a hospital on St John's, a steam cutter, and a cemetery on Kusu Island to support the quarantine station, it consisted largely of attap huts when first completed.[16][17] The month it opened, the station quarantined more than 1,000 Chinese passengers on the cholera-infected SS Milton which was travelling from Swatow to the British colonies Penang and Province Wellesley.[18][19] In 1890, Muslims on the Queen Margaret who were returning after their Hajj pilgrimage were quarantined on St John's.[20] In 1894, the Hong Kong outbreak of bubonic plague prompted the Quarantine Station to prepare to receive bubonic plague victims. A plague hospital was constructed and ships were inspected, with one case of bubonic plague caught in March 1896.[21][17]

Watercolour painting of St John's and Sisters' Island from Tanjong Katong in 1879, by John Edmund Taylor

Aside from the addition of the plague hospital, more facilities were added when the station was further redeveloped.[22] From 1903 onwards, more than 300,000 dollars was spent on the station's development. New facilities included muster sheds for passengers to disinfect and change clothes, and boiler houses for disinfecting belongings.[22] Other facilities include a coroner's court; a police station, jail and Sikh police barracks; a post office; storehouses of loose sulphur for fumigating ships; a temple and a mosque; quarters for workers.[22] Additionally, a burial ground for the quarantine station's deceased was sited on Lazarus Island.[22]

The improved facilities came in time to also serve as emergency accommodations in 1911 for the rising number of beriberi victims in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In August 1911, the overflow patients and beriberi victims in Tan Tock Seng Hospital were quarantined on St John's as one of the beriberi patients had been infected by a cholera outbreak.[23]

Photograph of disinfection buildings at the Quarantine Centre on St John's Island, Singapore, in 1930.
Photo of vaccination of male passengers at the Quarantine Centre on St John's Island, Singapore.

In the early 20th century, the quarantine centre was further equipped and had become one of the largest quarantine operations in the British Empire.[24][17] By 1924, the St John's Island quarantine station had a maximum capacity of 6,000 people.[24][17] Between 1903 and 1923, the station inspected approximately 8 million people and quarantined 300,000.[17] A model of the quarantine station was featured at the Malaya Pavilion at the British Empire Exhibition held in Wembley in April 1924.[24] By 1930, the quarantine station was capable of vaccination and was equipped with a dispensary, telephone wires, and disinfection buildings with Izal solution spray.[25][26][27][28]

Despite the quarantine laws and the island's treatment facilities, not all passengers were quarantined nor received the same level of care due to classism.[29] Unlike steerage class passengers, cabin class (first and second-class) passengers were not required to undergo quarantine.[30] Health examinations for sailors were also less demanding. By contrast, Chinese coolies were allegedly provided insufficient food, no bedding and used as forced labour. Complaints were made to no avail.[31]

The St John's quarantine station officially closed on 14 January 1976 because the popularisation of air travel had drastically reduced the number of arrivals by boat.[32][33]

Detention centre

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Custom barriers where six-hundred Japanese leave Singapore in WWII

St John's Island served as a World War I and World War II internment camp.[34][35] In August 1914, right after World War I began, most German men in Singapore were interned on St John's Island and Tanglin Barracks while women and children were detained in Kuala Lumpur.[34] Enemy combatants were also imprisoned on the island, including the crew of Vorlage:Ill and the Greek collier Vorlage:Ship, which was captured by the Germans.[36][37] By 1916, a total of 296 enemy nationals had been transferred from St John's to Australia .[38] During World War II (1939–1945), enemy foreign nationals—some of whom were fleeing Nazism—were interned at St John's Island in 1940.[39][40] Of these, the Germans who were to be removed from the war were interned in Ceylon.[41] As for the rest, some were deported to neutral grounds like Shanghai. Others were transported to Australia, including German-Jewish Vorlage:Ill and his family.[39][41][40] Separately, the Japanese subsequently allied with the Germans and invaded Malaya. Shortly after, the Japanese women and children in Singapore were also interned on St John's Island from late 1941 to 1942 before being shipped to Calcutta.[42] When the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II began, Allied prisoners of war were detained on St John's.[35]

The Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) sparked by the Communist Party of Malaya caused St John's to resume operating as a detention centre for political prisoners.[43] In 1947, the Communist Party of Malaya initiated a guerilla war against the British colonial government in hopes that it would be more effective in turning the Federation of Malaya and the Crown Colony of Singapore communist.[43] Fatal attacks committed in the Federation of Malaya in June 1948 as part of this war culminated in the British colonial government declaring a state of emergency, thus enacting the Essential Regulations Proclamation on 24 June.[44][45] This granted the government the authority to arrest and detain anyone without trial.[46] Expecting an influx of political prisoners, St John's Island was officially announced as the site of the new detention centre on 3 July 1948 and became a protected area from 10 September onward.[47]

St John's housed not only communists but also political suspects and detainees of other political leanings, from both Malaya and Singapore, who sought to overthrow the colonial government. St John's received its first batch of detainees on 20 September 1948, comprising 200 political prisoners from Johore Bahru.[48] Travellers via ship suspected of communist inclinations were also detained at St John's under the Emergency Travel Restrictions Regulations until they were cleared of suspicion.[49] Within two years, more than 600 were detained under the Emergency Regulations, most of whom were held on St John's.[50] Singaporean political prisoners detained on St John's Island were university students, teachers, newspaper editors, several future politicians of Singapore, and others.[51][52] Among the detainees were Devan Nair, Fong Swee Suan and Lim Chin Siong, all People's Action Party (PAP) members.[52][53][51] They were released in 1959 after Singapore was granted full internal self-government and the PAP won the 1959 Singapore general election.[54]

The state's fear of communism did not abide, resulting in St John's being used as a detention centre for most of the detainees arrested during the anti-communist Operation Coldstore.[55] On 2 February 1963, the Internal Security Council of the Singapore Government executed Operation Coldstore, which detained those charged as political extremists under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance.[56][57][58] Arrestees were detained without trial, some for being a "suspected communist" or for associating with them.[59][56] The state justifies Operation Coldstore as a response to communist threats.[56][60] Prior to the move to St John's, the detainees were held in Outram Prison.[61] On 6 February, it was announced that 99 of the 113 Operation Coldstore detainees were to be moved to the island.[61] The rest were citizens of the Federation of Malaya, who were to be expatriated.[61] The operation has been a contentious subject of criticism, such as from ex-detainee Poh Soo Kai and historian Thum Ping Tjin who claim that Operation Coldstore was a pretext for the PAP to crush political opposition.[60][62][56]

Drug rehabilitation centres

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From 1945 onwards, the British sought to curb opium addiction in Singapore and this led to the establishment of St John's Opium Treatment Centre.[63][64] Opium was prevalent in Singapore with more than 16,000 addicts recorded after World War II.[65] By 1945, the British Administration of Malaya sought to curb its effects and banned opium in its colonies in October.[66][65] The following year, the Opium and Chandu Proclamation further restricted drug activity by banning opium smoking and the possession of opium-smoking devices.[67] Despite these regulations, there were still more than 1,400 opium dens in 1949.[68]

In the 1950s, the government tackled drug activity more aggressively through legal means, vice operations, and the establishment of an Opium Treatment Centre on St John's. They revised the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance of 1951 in 1953 to increase their authority to prosecute opium-related crimes, and initiated vice operations, such as the major opium crackdown of 1952.[69][70][71][72] The Opium Treatment Centre was established under an amendment to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance in 1954, marking the colonial government's first attempt to rehabilitate addicts.[63][64][73] Formerly, addicts were simply imprisoned.[73] Institutions have previously attempted to rehabilitate addicts, but only a fraction of patients were permanently cured.[73]

The centre opened in February 1955 and was managed by the Prisons Department.[73] The opium treatment programme had three phases: withdrawal, rehabilitation and follow-up.[65] Gradual withdrawal from opium typically lasted two to four weeks in the prison hospital.[65] The subsequent rehabilitation phase would last six months to a year at the Opium Treatment Centre on St John's Island, during which patients were taught new skills such as carpentry to aid future reintegration into society.[74][65]

The experimental opium rehabilitation programme was noteworthy for medical institutions and was later claimed to cure the majority of those admitted; however, its criteria of admittance were controversial.[73][75] During the centre's opening, the Commissioner of Prisons Major Sochon claimed that the United Nations Organisation had taken note.[73] It was also claimed by the Singapore Free Press that only six of about 400 addicts treated within two years of its opening had relapsed.[76] By 1966, more than 4,000 opium addicts had been rehabilitated at the centre.[77] However, the apparent success of the centre must be prefaced by their denial of treatment to long-time addicts whom they evaluated to be incurable.[78][75]

By the 1970s, opium addiction had greatly declined, although the extent to which this success can be attributed to the treatment centre is unknown.[79][80] Despite the decline in opium addiction specifically, the number of arrests due to drug offences, in general, had increased between 1971 and 1973.[79]

In response to the increasing number of drug offenses in Singapore, in 1973, the government converted the Opium Treatment Centre to a Drug Rehabilitation Centre for treating all types of drug addicts, especially young adults.[79] This rehabilitation centre was shut down in 1975 as the island was to be redeveloped by the Sentosa Development Corporation into a resort centre.[81][82]

Temporary settlement for refugees

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St John's Island was also a temporary settlement for refugees in the 20th century. In 1955, the quarantine station housed residents of Lazarus Island, after a rare high tide destroyed their homes.[83] In the mid-1970s, the rehabilitating drug addicts were temporarily moved out when eighty-four Vietnam War (1955–1975) refugees were settled on the island.[84][85][81] The final batch of Vietnamese refugees departed for a permanent host country in late 1975.[84] In 1998, there was a rise in arrests of illegal immigrants and overstayers after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and the government was anticipating a mass of Indonesian refugees after the May 1998 riots of Indonesia.[86][87][88][89] From January to July 1998, there was an increase of almost 2000 illegal immigrants and 1000 overstayers arrested compared to the whole of last year.[90] However, this may be due to more police raids and patrols targeting illegal immigrants.[90] By June, there were fears that the mainland prisons' capacity would be insufficient.[91] Thus, the government began constructing a temporary Prison Detention Centre on St John's Island to house potential spill over illegal immigrants and drug addicts.[87][92][91][93][94] However, the expected influx of Indonesian refugees did not occur, and the temporary detention centre stands abandoned.[87][92][95]

Holiday camp and aquaculture research centres

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In the mid-1970s, the Sentosa Development Corporation planned to redevelop Singapore's offshore islands into resort centres.[96] However, proposals to redevelop St John's as a holiday island with restaurants, golf courses and an integrated resort-casino fell through.[82] Instead, the 3 million dollar budget was spent on developing a holiday camp on the island with sports and games facilities.[97][96] A three-day outdoor activities camp for schools was established on the island in 1975.[82]

The Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) (right) and the National Marine Laboratory (left)

St John's Island is currently the site of several aquaculture research and development facilities.[98] The Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) is a hatchery completed in June 2003, and the National Marine Laboratory was established in 2002.[98]

In April 2018, traces of asbestos was found in construction debris around the island's campsite, lagoon and holiday bungalow areas.[99] The two long-term residents on the island were evacuated and were assessed to be healthy.[99] Access to the island was restricted while the contaminated debris was being removed.[99]

Geography

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Panorama of St John's Island (right) in 2022

St John's Island has a land area of Vorlage:Cvt and is located in the Strait of Singapore, about 6.5 km from the southern coast of mainland Singapore. Its location is at longitude 1°13Vorlage:Prime08.30Vorlage:PprimeN and latitude 103°50Vorlage:Prime53.88Vorlage:PprimeE.[100][101] All the Southern Islands, including St John's, are formed by the Triassic rocks of the Jurong Formation.[100] St John's Island's original area of Vorlage:Cvt was expanded by Vorlage:Cvt through land reclamation in the 1970s.[100] In 2006, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were merged and then connected to St John's via a causeway. St John's coastline comprises sandy beaches, quarry rocks to prevent erosion, lagoons, cliffs, and mangrove swamps.[102] Like Singapore, St John's has an equatorial climate with rainfall throughout the year, especially during the first half of the Northeast Monsoon.[100]

In 2020, restricted access to the protected lagoon, Bendera Bay, was opened to the public via programmes.[103]

Biodiversity

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The island's tropical forest and marine habitats are home to crustaceans and cetaceans in the Singapore Strait and land animals. The island is also surrounded by coral reefs.[102] The nationally critically endangered Asian Drongo Cuckoo can be found on the island, as well as nesting grounds of the critically endangered Hawksbill Turtle.[104][105]

St John's Island is covered by natural vegetation (32.0%), the majority of which is managed coastal vegetation (60.6%).[1] More than 258 species of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, including several nationally critically endangered species such as the Podocarpus Polystachyus R Br (Sea Teak) and the Xylocarpus rumphii (Meliaceae).[106][107]

The Sentosa Development Regulations (1997) were implemented to protect the biodiversity of Singapore's offshore islands. Among other regulations, it prohibits killing or capturing any animal, bird, insect, or plant.[108]

Demographics

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From 1962 to 1963, there were more than 400 islanders.[109] Between 1976 and 1977, the residents of St John's Island, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were relocated to the mainland, and the remaining four permanent islanders on St John's left in 2017.[110] St John's Island English Primary School, the only school on the island, was shut down in 1976.[111] St John's Island currently has no permanent residents.

Literatur

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  • Bennett, George: Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Petir Coast, Singapore, and China: Being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833 and 1834; Bd. 2. London: Richard Bentley, 1834 (in Englisch).
  • Corbett, Julian Stafford: Naval Operations; Bd. 1: To the Battle of the Falklands. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1920, History of the Great War based on official documents by direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (in Englisch).
  • Dümling, Albrecht: City Organist, Teacher and Entertainer: The Multi-Talented Werner Baer in Singapore, 1939–1940. In: Steinberg, Swen; Grenville, Anthony (Hrsg.): Refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories. Oxford University Press, 28. April 2020 (in Englisch).
  • Hack, Karl: Framing Singapore's History. In: Tarling, Nicholas (Hrsg.): Studying Singapore's Past: C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore. NUS Press, 2012 (in Englisch).
  • Hack, Karl: The Malayan Emergency: revolution and counterinsurgency at the end of empire. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Dez. 2021, ISBN 9781139942515; doi:10.1017/9781139942515.
  • Kennedy, Joseph: When Singapore Fell: Evacuations and Escapes, 1941–42. Palgrave Macmillan, 1989, ISBN 978-1-349-20365-9; doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20363-5 (in Englisch).
  • Pulau Sekijang Bendera. In: Koh, Tommy; Auger, Timothy; Ng, Wei Chian; Yap, Jimmy (Hrsg.): Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 11. September 2006, ISBN 9814155632 (in Englisch).
  • Lee, Yong Kiat: Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press, 1977 (in Englisch).
  • Lee, Yong Kiat: The Medical History of Early Singapore. Tokyo: Southeast Asian Medical Information Center, 1978 (in Englisch).
  • Makepeace, Walter; Brooke, Gilbert E.; Braddell, Roland St. J.: One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991 (in Englisch).
  • Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos: Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War. Oxford University Press, 27. Februar 2020 (in Englisch).
  • Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos: The internment of civilian 'enemy aliens' in the British Empire. In: Manz, Stefan; Panayi, Panikos; Stibbe, Matthew (Hrsg.): Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon. Routledge, 10. Oktober 2018 (in Englisch).
  • Monteath, Peter: Captured Lives: Australia's Wartime Internment Camps. Oxford University Press, 28. April 2020 (in Englisch).
  • Narayanan, Ganesan: Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy. Routledge, Okt. 2005.
  • Savage, V. R.; Yeoh, B.S.A.: Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2013 (in Englisch).
  • Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1981. Singapore: Ministry of Culture, 1981 (in Englisch).
  • Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei; Lee, Hyun Kyung; Vickers, Edward (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022 (in Englisch).
  • Teo, Delia; Liew, Clement: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603 (in Englisch).
  • Davidson, G. W. H.; Ng, P.K.L.; Chew, Ho Hua (Hrsg.): The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore), 1994 (in Englisch).
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Fußnoten

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  1. ↑ Nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Fahnenmast der Kusu-Insel (früher Goa-Insel oder Peak-Insel genannt), der im Februar 1823 auf den „höchsten Gipfel von [Ost-]St. John’s“ versetzt wurde.[18] Eine hydrographische Karte von David Ross aus dem Jahr 1830 stellt klar, dass der Fahnenmast der Kusu-Insel speziell auf die östliche Insel der St. John’s-Inseln versetzt wurde, die auch als Lazarus-Insel bekannt ist.
    L. N. Hull.: Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Farquhar. In: Raffles Museum and Library (Hrsg.): L17: Raffles: Letters to Singapore (Farquhar). S. 185; abgerufen am 8. Februar 2023.
    David Ross: A survey of Singapore harbour, and the Islands in its vicinity. 1830, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.

Einzelnachweise

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  1. 1 2 3 Sherry M. X.Hung, K. Y. Chong, Alex T. K. Yee, Reuben C. J. Lim, Jolyn W. Loh, Louise Neo, W. W. Seah, S. Y. Tan, Hugh T. W. Tan: The vascular plant flora and vegetation of the islands associated with Singapore's first Marine Park (III): St. John's Island. In: Nature in Singapore, Bd. 10 (29. Mai 2017), S. 37, PDF (in Englisch).
  2. ↑ History of St John's. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 25. Februar 1999, S. 29 (in Englisch).
  3. ↑ Pulau Sekijang Bendera. In: Tommy Koh, Timothy Auger, Wei Chian Ng, Jimmy Yap (Hrsg.): Singapore, The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 11. September 2006, ISBN 9814155632, S. 432 (in Englisch).
  4. 1 2 Haughton, H. T.: Notes on names of places in the island of Singapore and its vicinity. In: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bd. 20 (1889), S. 79, PDF.
  5. ↑ "Arrival at Singapore." Raffles' Letters: Intrigues Behind the Founding of Singapore. National Library Gallery. 29 August 2012 to 28 February 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 Gunner Loughony, first P.R.O. of Singapore. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 8. Dezember 1956, S. 27, abgerufen am 8. Februar 2023.
  7. 1 2 Military Secretary. "Letter to the Governor." 12 March 1830. A68: Singapore Consultations. p. 109. Raffles Museum and Library. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  8. ↑ Bennett, George: Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Petir Coast, Singapore, and China: Being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833 and 1834; Bd. 2. London: Richard Bentley, 1834, S. 218–221 (in Englisch).
  9. ↑ Little, Robert: An essay on coral reefs as the cause of Blakan Mati fever, and of the fevers in various parts of the east. In: The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Bd. 2 (1848), S. 591–592.
  10. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: last3, first2, last2, first3 Makepeace, Walter: One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991, S. 492 (in Englisch).
  11. 1 2 Lee, Yong Kiat: The Medical History of Early Singapore. Tokyo: Southeast Asian Medical Information Center, 1978, S. 285 (in Englisch).
  12. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 5 (in Englisch).
  13. 1 2 Lee, Yong Kiat: Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press, 1977, S. 82–85 (in Englisch).
  14. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: last3, first2, last2, first3 Makepeace, Walter: One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991, S. 505 (in Englisch).
  15. ↑ Legislative Council. In: Straits Times Overland Journal, Samstag, 4. Oktober 1873, S. 5.
  16. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 18–19 (in Englisch).
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 St John's Island. In: The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly), Mittwoch, 4. April 1923, S. 13.
  18. ↑ The 'Milton'. In: Straits Times Overland Journal, Donnerstag, 19. November 1874, S. 2.
  19. ↑ Lee, Yong Kiat: Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press, 1977, S. 86 (in Englisch).
  20. ↑ Cholera. In: Straits Times Weekly Issue, Mittwoch, 3. September 1890, S. 11.
  21. ↑ A Case of Bubonic Plague at the Quarantine Station. In: Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, Dienstag, 10. März 1896, S. 8.
  22. 1 2 3 4 St John's Island. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 1. Juni 1935, S. 13.
  23. ↑ Lee, Yong Kiat: The Beri-Beri Hospital, Singapore. In: Singapore Medical Journal, Bd. 35 (1994), S. 309–310.
  24. 1 2 3 Malaya at Wembley. In: The Straits Times, Mittwoch, 27. Februar 1924, S. 11.
  25. ↑ Sayers, F. R.: Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Portion of Interior of Disinfection Building With Sprays of Izal Solution Through Which Male Dock Passengers Pass at St John's Island. In: National Archives of Singapore, The National Archives, United Kingdom, 1930, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  26. ↑ Sayers, F. R.: Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Dispensary With Telephone Wires and Rickshaw Paths in the Foreground at St John's Island. In: National Archives of Singapore, The National Archives, United Kingdom, 1930, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  27. ↑ Sayers, F. R.: Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Disinfection Buildings at St John's Island. In: National Archives of Singapore, The National Archives, United Kingdom, 1930, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  28. ↑ Sayers, F. R.: Singapore 5. Singapore Quarantine Station, St John's Island: Photographs Submitted by F R Sayers, Chief Health Officer, Singapore. Picture Shows Vaccination of Male Deck Passengers at St John's Island. In: National Archives of Singapore, The National Archives, United Kingdom, 1930, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  29. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first2, editor-last2, editor-first3 Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022, S. 110 (in Englisch).
  30. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 26–27 (in Englisch).
  31. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 25 (in Englisch).
  32. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 54 (in Englisch).
  33. ↑ Lee, Yong Kiat: Quarantine in Early Singapore. Singapore: Stamford College Press, 1977, S. 87 (in Englisch).
  34. 1 2 Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Manz, Stefan: Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War. Oxford University Press, 27. Februar 2020, S. 107 (in Englisch).
  35. 1 2 Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first2, editor-last2, editor-first3 Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022, S. 103 (in Englisch).
  36. ↑ Prisoners of War in Singapore. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 17. Oktober 1914, S. 8.
  37. ↑ Corbett, Julian Stafford: Naval Operations; Bd. 1: To the Battle of the Falklands. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1920, History of the Great War based on official documents by direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, S. 346 (in Englisch).
  38. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-first2, first2, editor-last2, editor-first3, editor-last3, last2 Manz, Stefan: The internment of civilian 'enemy aliens' in the British Empire. In: Manz, Stefan (Hrsg.): Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon. Routledge, 10. Oktober 2018 (in Englisch).
  39. 1 2 Ungültige Parameter: editor-first2, editor-last2 Dümling, Albrecht: City Organist, Teacher and Entertainer: The Multi-Talented Werner Baer in Singapore, 1939–1940. In: Steinberg, Swen (Hrsg.): Refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories. Oxford University Press, 28. April 2020, S. 144, 157 (in Englisch).
  40. 1 2 Monteath, Peter: Captured Lives: Australia's Wartime Internment Camps. Oxford University Press, 28. April 2020, S. 122 (in Englisch).
  41. 1 2 German Internees Sent to Ceylon. In: Malaya Tribune, Donnerstag, 11. April 1940, S. 2.
  42. ↑ unerwünschte URL Kennedy, Joseph: When Singapore Fell: Evacuations and Escapes, 1941–42. Palgrave Macmillan, 1989, ISBN 978-1-349-20365-9, S. 32; doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20363-5 (in Englisch).
  43. 1 2 Ungültige Parameter: first2, last2 Teo, Delia: Guardians of Our Homeland: the Heritage of Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. Singapore: Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, 2003, ISBN 9810508603, S. 129 (in Englisch).
  44. ↑ S'pore now in state of emergency. In: The Singapore Free Press, Donnerstag, 24. Juni 1948, S. 1.
  45. ↑ Untitled. In: Morning Tribune, Samstag, 3. Juli 1948, S. 1, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  46. ↑ unerwünschte URL Hack, Karl: The Malayan Emergency: revolution and counterinsurgency at the end of empire. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Dez. 2021, ISBN 9781139942515, S. 70; doi:10.1017/9781139942515.
  47. ↑ St. John's Island a Protected Area. In: Malaya Tribune, Samstag, 11. September 1948, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  48. ↑ Detainees transferred. In: Malaya Tribune, Montag, 20. September 1948.
  49. ↑ More Chinese Detainees from Swatow Released. In: Sunday Standard, Sonntag, 28. Oktober 1951, S. 10, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  50. ↑ 600 Detained By Singapore Police During Past 2 Years Under Emergency Regulations. In: Singapore Standard, Donnerstag, 20. Juli 1950, S. 1, abgerufen am 23. Februar 2023.
  51. 1 2 Nair and Samad report to the C.I.D. In: The Straits Time, Samstag, 11. April 1953, S. 1.
  52. 1 2 C.I.D. DETAIN 11 MEN: Sarma, Undergrads And Newsman Among Those Held. In: Malaya Tribune, Dienstag, 9. Januar 1951, S. 3.
  53. ↑ Home on St. John's island for Changi detainees. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 22. Januar 1959, S. 7.
  54. ↑ Rebel, fighter, charmer, stayer. In: The Straits Times, Freitag, 29. März 1985, S. 12.
  55. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first2, editor-last2, editor-first3 Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022, S. 115 (in Englisch).
  56. 1 2 3 4 Hack, Karl: Framing Singapore's History. In: Tarling, Nicholas (Hrsg.): Studying Singapore's Past: C.M. Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore. NUS Press, 2012, S. 44–50 (in Englisch).
  57. ↑ Action Against Another Five Detainees. In: The Straits Times, Freitag, 10. Mai 1963, S. 1.
  58. ↑ Most crucial political battle. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 12. September 1963, S. 22.
  59. ↑ Internal Security Council. (1 January 1960 - 31 December 1960). DO 187/15: Internal Security Council papers on internal security situation in Singapore. In The National Archives, United Kingdom.
  60. 1 2 Burhan, Gafoor: A ferocious struggle for Singapore's future. In: The Straits Times, Freitag, 19. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 23. Februar 2023.
  61. 1 2 3 Detainees to Go to Island. In: The Straits Times, Mittwoch, 6. Februar 1963, S. 1, abgerufen am 23. Februar 2023.
  62. ↑ Poh, Soo Kai: Singapore's 'Battle for Merger' revisited. In: New Mandala, Mittwoch, 3. Dezember 2014, abgerufen am 23. Februar 2023.
  63. 1 2 St. John's Is Ideal. In: The Straits Times, Sonntag, 13. September 1953, S. 5.
  64. 1 2 War on Opium. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 14. Oktober 1954, S. 8.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 The Opium Problem in Singapore. In: Bulletin on Narcotics, Bd. 9,3 (1. Januar 1958), S. 2.
  66. ↑ Goodbye, Opium. In: The Straits Times, Mittwoch, 10. Oktober 1945, S. 2.
  67. ↑ Suppressing Opium Smoking. In: The Straits Times, Montag, 4. Februar 1946, S. 3.
  68. ↑ 1,415 Dens for Opium Smokers. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 22. Juni 1950, S. 6.
  69. ↑ Opium 'War': New Powers. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 3. Oktober 1953, S. 7.
  70. ↑ Big Swoop on Opium Dens. In: The Straits Times, Sonntag, 6. Juli 1952, S. 1.
  71. ↑ Opium Convictions Set a New Singapore Record. In: The Straits Times, Mittwoch, 10. Juni 1953, S. 4.
  72. ↑ Raids Shut 1,000 Opium Dens. In: Singapore Free Press, Donnerstag, 18. Dezember 1952, S. 1.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Morgan, Patricia: Whole World Watches This Store Experiment. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 5. Februar 1955.
  74. ↑ Eastley, Adelaide: It's a New Life for Lost Soul. In: The Singapore Free Press, Montag, 7. Mai 1956, S. 14.
  75. 1 2 It Is Funny, Says Court. In: The Straits Times, Sonntag, 25. März 1956, S. 3.
  76. ↑ 400 Addicts Are Cured In 2 Years. In: The Singapore Free Press, Donnerstag, 7. Februar 1957, S. 5.
  77. ↑ 4,000 Saved in 11 Years. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 6. August 1966, S. 6.
  78. ↑ Opium Addicts. In: The Straits Times, Freitag, 9. Dezember 1955, S. 8.
  79. 1 2 3 Two New Centres to Treat Drug Addicts. In: The Straits Times, Sonntag, 29. April 1973, S. 7.
  80. ↑ Opium, Morphine Problem under Control. In: The Straits Times, Dienstag, 27. März 1973, S. 10.
  81. 1 2 St John's Addicts Move Out. In: The Straits Times, Mittwoch, 7. Mai 1975, S. 22.
  82. 1 2 3 unerwünschte URL Connolly, Creighton: Urbanizing Islands: A Critical History of Singapore's Offshore Islands. In: Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, Bd. 5,4 (2022), S. 2172–2192, doi:10.1177/25148486211051082.
  83. ↑ Homeless Go to St. John's. In: Singapore Standard, Samstag, 15. Januar 1955, S. 2.
  84. 1 2 Lee, Philip: Last of the Viet Refugees leave St. John's. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 30. Oktober 1975, S. 7.
  85. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first2, editor-last2, editor-first3 Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022, S. 103 (in Englisch).
  86. ↑ Narayanan, Ganesan: Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy. Routledge, Okt. 2005, S. 99.
  87. 1 2 3 Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first2, editor-last2, editor-first3 Sham, Desmond Hok-Man: Beyond a Racialized Representation of Colonial Quarantine. In: Huang, Shu-Mei (Hrsg.): Frontiers of Memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult Heritage and the Transnational Politics of Postcolonial Nationalism. Hong Kong University Press, 2022, S. 116 (in Englisch).
  88. ↑ Govt taking tough stance on illegal immigrants. In: Business Times, Samstag, 14. März 1998, S. 2.
  89. ↑ Ministry expects more illegal immigrants. In: New Paper, Dienstag, 10. März 1998, S. 2.
  90. 1 2 Ninth Parliament of Singapore. (4 September 1998). "Immigration (Amendment) Bill". Part III of the First Session. Parliamentary Debates, Singapore: Official Report, vol. 69, column 930.
  91. 1 2 St John's isle being readied in case of illegals influx. In: The Straits Times, Samstag, 20. Juni 1998, S. 2.
  92. 1 2 Lee, Joanne: Barbed wire, fences go up at St John's. In: The Straits Times, Donnerstag, 25. Februar 1999, S. 28.
  93. ↑ Hussin, Aziz: No change to islands' conservation plans. In: The Straits Times, Montag, 10. August 1998, S. 21.
  94. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: last2, first2 Foo, Hwei Wen: Hardcore addicts face jail and cane. In: The Straits Times, Sonntag, 26. Juli 1998, S. 18.
  95. ↑ Ninth Parliament of Singapore. (1 June 1998). "Illegal Immigrants from Indonesia (Update on situation)." Part III of First Session. Parliamentary Debates, Singapore: Official Report, vol. 69, column 29.
  96. 1 2 Lee, J.: St. John's Island to become holiday resort. In: The Straits Times, Freitag, 23. Januar 1976, S. 13.
  97. ↑ Lee, J.: Holiday resort to replace Changi. In: The Straits Times, Montag, 15. März 1976, S. 24.
  98. 1 2 unerwünschte URL Shen, Yubang: Status, challenges and trends of aquaculture in Singapore. In: Aquaculture, Bd. 533 (2021), S. 736210, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736210.
  99. 1 2 3 Tan, Audrey: Traces of asbestos found in construction debris on St John's Island. In: The New Paper, Dienstag, 24. April 2018, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2023 (in Englisch).
  100. 1 2 3 4 Singapore Facts and Pictures, 1981. Singapore: Ministry of Culture, 1981, S. 165–167 (in Englisch).
  101. ↑ Referenzfehler: Es ist ein ungültiger <ref>-Tag vorhanden: Für die Referenz namens :1 wurde kein Text angegeben.
  102. 1 2 Referenzfehler: Es ist ein ungültiger <ref>-Tag vorhanden: Für die Referenz namens :33 wurde kein Text angegeben.
  103. ↑ St John's Island lagoon to open to public for education, conservation activities | The Straits Times. In: www.straitstimes.com, Montag, 14. Dezember 2020, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023 (in Englisch).
  104. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first3, editor-last2, editor-first2 Davidson, G. W. H. (Hrsg.): The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore), 1994, S. 180 (in Englisch).
  105. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: last2, first2 Tan, Audrey: Wildlife that call Singapore's Southern Islands home. In: The Straits Times, Montag, 13. Dezember 2021, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023.
  106. ↑ Referenzfehler: Es ist ein ungültiger <ref>-Tag vorhanden: Für die Referenz namens National University of Singapore wurde kein Text angegeben.
  107. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first3, editor-last2, editor-first2 Davidson, G. W. H. (Hrsg.): The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore), 1994, S. 33 (in Englisch).
  108. ↑ Ungültige Parameter: editor-last3, editor-first3, editor-last2, editor-first2 Davidson, G. W. H. (Hrsg.): The Singapore Red Databook: Threatened Plants & Animals of Singapore. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore), 1994, S. 7–8 (in Englisch).
  109. ↑ Chen, Aiwei 陈爱薇 (10 September 2021). "The multiple historical identities of St. John's Island 圣约翰岛的多重历史身份." Lianhe Zaobao 联合早报.
  110. ↑ Zaccheus, Melody: Last islanders on St John's to leave by new year. In: AsiaOne, Dienstag, 13. Dezember 2016, abgerufen am 9. Februar 2023 (in Englisch).
  111. ↑ Zainal, Zakaria: A Nation of Islands Volumes 9-10. In: BiblioAsia, Bd. 10,4 (2015), S. 57–59, PDF.
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