Rhodope Mountains

The Rhodope Mountains, or the Rhodopes (Bulgarian: Родопите, Greek:Ροδόπη), are a mountain massif and a cultural region in southern Bulgaria (83%) and northern Greece (17%). They offer a captivating blend of dramatic landscapes, ancient Thracian sites, mystical folklore, and authentic Bulgarian-Greek culture.

Two of Bulgaria's 27 province centers are in the Rhodopes. Due to the mountainous landscape, few other settlements clear the 10,000 mark.

• 41.64472125.3749661 Kardzhali (Кърджали) – "Capital" of the Eastern Rhodopes; nearby is the remarkable ancient city-sanctuary of Perperikon.
• 42.03397724.3025252 Peshtera (Пещера) – Likely named after the medieval fortress Peristera, though the name means "cave" in Bulgarian and nearby is also Snezhanka ("Snow White"), one of the largest improved caves in Bulgaria.
• 41.57527824.7127783 Smolyan (Смолян) – Deep in the mountains, the smallest province center of Bulgaria and a ski resort on its own.
• 42.02755923.9912634 Velingrad (Велинград) – Spa resort city in the valley of the Chepinska Reka, named after a female Communist guerilla fighter of WW2.

Asenovgrad is sometimes also included, as it's very close to the northern slopes of the mountains.

• 41.58287125.1332195 Ardino (Ардино) – Small town notable mostly for the nearby Devil's Bridge, the Thracian sanctuaries on the Eagle Rocks, and the small ski resort Belite Brezi.
• 41.9439924.2177916 Batak (Батак) – Small town with a disproportionate prominence in Bulgarian history due to a 1876 massacre. Nowadays, site of the large Batak Reservoir and the somewhat controversial ski resort Tsigov Chark.
• 41.72319824.6853197 Chepelare (Чепеларе) – Picturesque mountain town, a winter ski resort and summer hiking area.
• 41.74316324.3967258 Devin (Девин) – A spa resort with a wide range of summer activities such as hiking, horse riding, mountain biking and tennis.
• 41.4991924.9397039 Madan (Мадан) – Charming town with Muslim majority.
• 41.38048225.09471310 Zlatograd (Златоград) – Border town with preserved traditional architecture, set in valley across the Greek borders.

Bansko, Razlog, and Gotse Delchev are "across the valley" from the slopes of the Western Rhodopes.

• 41.647524.68888911 Pamporovo (Пампорово) – One of Bulgaria's most popular ski resorts, known for the TV tower on the peak above it, and the nearby Rozhen National Observatory.
• 41.65813924.7759912 Momchilovtsi (Момчиловци) – A ski resort set in a forested area of Rhodope Mountains at 1,352 m above sea level.
• 41.680224.58100813 Shiroka Laka (Широка лъка) – Tiny village declared an architectural and folklore reserve due to its old Bulgarian architecture and for its musical tradition, kept alive by a number of contemporary performers.

The Rhodopes are remote, with a limited number of roads, unique nature, steep hills, and deep forests. The mountains are less steep than for example Pirin, so extreme mountaineering is not needed. The highest peak is at 2,191 m of Goljam Perelik in Bulgaria. The winter ski resort of Pamporovo and Bansko are in the Rhodopes. "The home of Orpheus" – the Greek mythological poet that went to hell to save his loved one – is a region with a distinct cultural influence. Rhodope music is world famous: many foreign musicians have been fascinated by the sounds of Rhodopes and even the song Izlel e Delyu Haydutin performed by Valya Balkanska is one of the few performances included in the Voyager Golden Record selection of music, part of the Voyager 2 space probe, that is expected to play across space for at least 60,000 years.

On the Greek side there is the Rodopi Mountain Range National Park^{[dead link]}, and on Bulgarian side the Pirin National Park.

The location of the Rhodope Mountains in the south-eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula also determines the climate. It is characterized by a transitional climate as it is influenced by both the colder northern air masses and the warm breezes of the Mediterranean (Aegean). The temperatures of the Eastern Rhodopes are higher and more stable with averages around 12–13 °C. In the western Rhodopes – under the influence of higher altitudes above sea level – the average temperature ranges from 5-9 °C. The transitional climate in the Rhodope Mountains is also noticeable through the annual course of precipitation. In the eastern Rhodopes the peak of precipitation is in December and in August they are minimal. In the western Rhodope it is the other way round, here are prevailing summer precipitation. The mild climate combined with other factors favours the development of recreation and tourism.

Regular buses run even into very remote places of the mountains.

A good way to move is by thumb since villagers from the various small places around the area still have to get around and obtain supplies.

The closest airport in Bulgaria is Plovdiv. Sofia has more options.

On the Greek side, the closest international airports are Kavala and Alexandroupolis.

Due to the remote character of the area public transport is rare or not available. To explore the region either a 4WD or a normal car with enough ground clearance is best. The dirt roads within the Greek Rhodopes are usually well signposted what makes it easy to find the attractions.

This is a region article; detailed listings go in the city articles, district articles, rural area articles or (national) park articles. This article should only provide a brief overview.

• 41.8185324.582191 Marvelous Bridges (Chudnite mostove). Amazing natural arches formed by the erosive activity of the Erkyupryia River. The larger one (upstream, 45 m height) is shaped by three vaulted arches and is passable under the vaults. The river flows under the middle-sized arch. The smaller bridge (200 m downstream, 30 m height) is impassable. The site can be reached by an asphalt road from the village Tschepelare.  

• 41.620625.11452 Devil‘s Bridge (Дяволският мост). Nice place with old stone bridge over a river. The view is great! Legend says that the bridge was built by the Romans to connect the Aegean Sea and the Thrace region of Bulgaria. The bridge is the largest and best-known of its kind in the Rhodope Mountains,  
• 41.65073224.3225183 Devil's Bridge (Rock Formation). This is not a regular bridge, but a rock formation popular with locals. The canyon and hike are still very impressive though, especially the unbelievable staircases through the Devil's Canyon. A 3-km path leads through a forest from the eastern parking/road to the bridge.  (updated Dec 2021)
• 41.78425.434 Stone Mushrooms. The stone mushrooms are a rock phenomenon near the village of Beli Plast. They reach a height of 2.5–3 m.  
• 42.002524.27745 Snezhanka Cave. A beautiful cave, rich in stalactites, stalagmites, and sinter lakes.  
• 41.640924.33216 Buynovo Gorge. The Buynovo Gorge is the longest gorge in Bulgaria formed by erosion as the Buynovo River that flows through marble rock. It is between the villages of Yagodina and Teshel. The cliffs on both sides of the canyon rise hundreds of meters and can be visited on foot or by car on a paved one-lane narrow road along the base of the cliffs. As traffic goes in both directions patience is often needed. For a good overview over the Buynovo Gorge it's worth to visit the “eagle’s-eye view point,” a metal platform built on the cliff face of the Saint Iliya Peak at a height of 1,563 meters, with impressive views over the entire area.  

• 41.616724.37927 Trigrad Gorge (Take a regular (Devin/Borino) bus and get off at the junction in "Teshel" village. From there it should be easy to hitch hike.). A gorge enclosing the course of Trigrad River which plunges into the "Devil's Throat Cave" where, according to the Greek mythology, Orpheus, the legendary Thracian singer, attempted to retrieve his beloved Euridice from the Underworld.
  Trigrad village is very popular with tourists and it might be a good idea to stay there.  (updated Dec 2021)
• 41.5103724.655338 Uhlovitsa Cave. A show cave with an impressive flowstone formation, known as the Icefall, at its end.  
• 41.62858324.3293899 Yagodinska cave. A spectacular cave, the third longest one in the country, ranking 89 in the list of Bulgaria's most significant landmarks. The part of the cave with its marvellous stalactites and stalagmites that is open for tourism is 1,100 m long with electric illumination. Tours take about 45 min and take place every hour. Not far from The Yagodina Cave there is a natural bridge, and close to the bridge is the beautiful Praskolo waterfall.  
• 41.58124.676810 Canyon of Waterfalls. A blend of 46 isolated waterfalls. The tour takes 3–4 hr, depending on physical condition. It is not particularly difficult but also not easy. Sometimes it is steep uphill, but you do not have to climb. Anyone who has no health problems can go the way. The waterfalls themselves are not really spectacular, but the view from the panorama point Eurike to Smolyan is worth seeing. The route could be better signposted in some places. The best way to get information is to go to the Information center at the beginning of the forest trail. It’s recommended to visit the Canyon of Waterfalls in early summer when the water levels are at their peak.  
• 41.468825.221711 Fortress Ustra. The fortress was built in the 10th century to protect an important trade route. It frequently changed hands but the Byzantines held it most of the time. The trail to the fortress is quite difficult and takes about 1 hr but the views from this fortress are breathtaking.  
• 41.579824.831812 Fortress Momchil. The fortress was built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565) who launched massive military construction projects on the territory of the entire Balkan Peninsula. It was burnt down later and reconstructed until the invasion of the Ottomans at the end of the 14th century. At that time it was burnt down again and was never reconstructed.  

Archaeological sites:

• 41.598523.913113 Gradishte Historic Landscape Park. The prehistoric settlement and Thracian sanctuary. This ancient temple dates from the 5th millennium BC. According to archaeologists, it is one of the largest in Bulgaria and possibly in Europe. The sanctuary is on an approximately 700-m long ridge. In some places there are petroglyphs of human profiles, animal figures, fish, turtles and birds.  
• 41.614725.949414 Hisarya. Hisarya, a Thracian cult, is located on the Hisarya ridge in eastern Rhodope near the village of Senoklas. The archaeological site includes a Thracian cult center with rock sanctuary, rock niches, rare rock suns and the ruins of a large Thracian and medieval fortress.  
• 41.731525.959415 The Deaf Stones. The Deaf Stones Rock Sanctuary is one of the largest Thracian cult monuments. It consists of several large boulders, in which deep chambers are carved. In the boulder in the east, a staircase has been carved, which leads to the summit. The remaining three rocky peaks are dotted with more than 200 religious niches.  
• 41.843424.96516 Karadzhov-Stone. (Karadzhov Kamak) is an interesting rock phenomenon near the village Mostovo. On a high plateau (1,448 m), a gaping fugue has formed on its vertical walls, in which a huge stone is stuck, as if displaced by higher forces there. Since antiquity, this place has been something special for the people - the ancient Thracians built a sanctuary here in which they honored their dead. To this day, small pits cut into the rock for religious purposes have been preserved, as well as steps leading to the upper part of the massif.  
• 41.7154925.4652617 Perperikon. An archaeological site with monumental megalithic structures, dating back from the Bronze Age and is considered to be the largest megalithic archaeological site in all of Bulgaria.  
• 41.54125.54918 Tatul. The Thracian sanctuary is one of the most imposing megalithic monuments discovered on the territory of Bulgaria. The sanctuary is a massive rock structure and its top is a truncated pyramid. The complex comprises two sarcophagi, a rectangular bed for the main altar, and a 3-m-deep well. It dates back to the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th centuries BC.  
• 41.36825.337319 Fotinovo Turtles. Turtle-like reliefs, cut in the rocks by an ancient culture. Largest is 7x5 m.  
• 41.704925.248520 The Womb cave (Utroba Cave). This Thracian megalith, the Womb Cave (Cult complex “Utroba cave” Тракийско светилище Пещера Утроба) is located near village of Ilinica. The temple is shaped like the opening to a vagina. It leads into a 22-m deep cave. At the end of the cave, a carved altar (1.3 m in height) symbolises the womb itself. At midday as the sun approaches its highest point, the sun light seeps into the cave through a special opening in the ceiling and projects a perfectly recognisable representation of a phallus onto the floor. As the sun progresses further, and the light slants across the interior of the cave, the phallus grows longer, reaching out to the womb altar. Only during some months of the year, when the sun is lowest on the horizon, the phallus becomes long enough to reach the altar and symbolically fecundate the womb. A well marked tourist route exists through Enchec village and around 300 m after mountain cottage “Borovica”. The way to the cave includes around an hour of walking up. The path is steep but with three big alcoves and a shelter right under the cleft of the cliff. Local people know the place as Dangardak kaya (The echoing stone). Today childless couples visit the Womb cave to gain a long-awaited child.  
• 41.567925.145221 Thracian cult complex “Orlovi skali” (Eagle Rock Sanctuary). A historic Thracian site near Ardino and consists of niches cut into a large rock standing above the forest. The site was obviously of religious significance. This Thracian phenomenon, the "trapezoid alcoves" are found all over the Rhodopes dug high in difficult to reach rocks. There is no definite answer as to how or why the Thracian people made them. The Orlovi skali (Eagles' Rocks) site carries about 100 insections. From Ardino an asphalted road takes you to a small parking at the start of a trail. It takes about 15 min of moderate intensity walk to get there.  

• 41.345624.588322 Ag.Barbara Waterfall and Lake. A little lake 600 m from the road with waterfall. Good for resting and taking a cold bath in the lake. From the main road you branch at the signpost and follow the dirt road for about 300 m to a parking space. There you cross the little river walking over a bridge of tree trunks. The waterfall is about 500 m inland passing an animal shelter. The waterfall is not at the river that you had to cross! There are banks and tables where you can make picnics. All litter has to be taken back as there is no litter service.  
• 41.383224.67623 Lepidas Waterfall. A scenic waterfall near the village Dipotama.  
• 41.46124.45924 Loutra Thermion. Hot thermal springs of 80°C. In illegally built corrugated iron huts, some of which are open, you can take a hot bath.  
• 41.370624.551225 Monastery Metamorfosis Sotiros. The monastery is worth a visit, especially because of the scenic location. It is located next to the village Prasinada.  (updated Mar 2018)
• 41.53124.51926 Frakto Forrest, ☏ +30 25210 57821, fax: +30 25210 57705, dasdrama@otenet.gr. In 1980 the forest was declared as a Protected Natural Monument because of its high ecological value as it is one of the few European forests that are virgin. It characterized virgin because its evolution only followed the rules of nature and not influenced by human activity. Magnificent deciduous and spruce forests, interspersed with numerous streams forming several waterfalls. They extend to the slopes of the highest peak of the central chain of the Rhodope Mountains, at an altitude ranging from 800 to 1900 m. Numerous species of birds and mammals including the bear. The landscape is absolutely uncontaminated. It can be reached from the village of Paranesti where the Filoxenia hotel is located. The asphalt road ends early and turns into a difficult track to cross (it takes two hours). Possibility of staying overnight in the local forest agency housing by calling. Since 1980 it has been full protected and the only allowable activity is scientific.  (updated Jun 2018)

This is a region article; detailed listings go in the city articles, district articles, rural area articles or (national) park articles. This article should only provide a brief overview.

• Skiing – There are several ski areas of which Pamporovo is best developed.
• Swimming – Best places for a refreshing bath in hot summer are at Nestos river and the lakes at the waterfalls.

Sheer endless opportunities and trails exist around the mountains. The remote nature makes it even more interesting, regularly hitting off-the-beaten-track villages.

Interesting itineraries:

• Trigrad - Devil's Bridge - Dospat. 1) Take the Plovdiv-Borino bus to Teshel junction. 2) Hike/hitch up the road to Trigrad Gorge. 3) Stay overnight in Trigrad. 4) Hike to the Devil's Canyon and Bridge (rock formation), by Iagodina village and the Eagle's Eye viewpoint. 5) Hike to Zmeitsa village. 6) Visit the Small Devil's Bridge, 2 km towards Dospat from the village. 7) Hitch a ride to Dospat. (updated Dec 2021)

A famous annual marathon takes place starting in Paranesti.

Devin and Velingrad are major spa resorts. In addition to them, there's a number of spas in smaller places.

• 41.611823.78681 Ognyanovo. A village close to Gotse Delchev on the border with Pirin. Known for its mineral springs for centuries and is a popular spa destination with many hotels and guest houses. Miroto is entrance-free and accessible anytime, even at night.  (updated Mar 2018)
• 42.161624.12632 Varvara. A village under the northern slopes of the Western Rhodopes, close to Pazardzhik. There are 2 hot outside pools there—in Varvara Complex and another one in Aqua Varvara hotel.  (updated Mar 2018)
• 41.882723.52263 Banya. Spa village in the middle of the Razlog Valley between Rila, Pirin, and the Western Rhodopes, close to Bansko. Numerous mineral springs and almost every hotel offers mineral water in a beautiful nature. Hot mineral water is also pouring from several fountains around the village.  (updated Mar 2018)

• 41.466124.45054 Thermia of Paranesti. In thermal springs there are no special facilities, just natural baths in dirty homemade corrugated iron huts but nice surroundings  (updated Mar 2018)

Traditional Rhodopean dishes are :

• Patatnik (Potatoes Pie) – Made of potatoes and sirene (white cheese) garnished with yogurt. Various spices are added, such as onions, salt, pepper and a type of mild mint called Gyosum in Bulgarian. It can be baked, fried or boiled
• Rhodopski klin (Rhodope style banitza) – A mixture of beaten eggs, pieces of sirene, rice, parsley, well salted and put between sheets of thick filo dough and then baked in an oven about 20–30 min.
• Parlenka – Thin bread, thickness and size as small or medium pizza. Baked on pan as pancake, but the dough is for normal bread and their thickness is slightly greater with mountain cheese on top

This is a region article; detailed listings go in the city articles, district articles, rural area articles or (national) park articles. This article should only provide a brief overview.

• Forest Inn Ecotourism Hotel^{[dead link]} at the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park. At the edge of the hotel is the information centre, where the National Park Management Organization has a permanent exhibition of photographs and audiovisual material as well as a souvenir shop. Visitors are transported by bus to the observatory, where they have the opportunity to watch the birds with telescopes at the tavern. For hikers, there are specially engraved and marked paths through the forest.
• Forest Village of Erymanthou at Drymos Forest, at an altitude of 1,350 m. It consists of twelve wooden self-service dwellings which are a great place to stay in summer as in winter. A restaurant is located in the Forest Village, offering also coffee and refreshments, and operates Saturday–Sunday.
• Elatia Forest Village, within the Rodopi Mountains National Park (75 km from the city of Drama), ☏ +30 25210-57841 (Drama Forest Inspectorate), +30 25210-57827, +30 25210-91338 (or Forest Village of Elatia), +30 25210-91339. In the area of the Forest of Elatia, owned by the Forest Department. Accommodation is in log cabins, free of charge but arrangements with the Forest Inspectorate must be made well in advance. (updated Aug 2017)

For those who need more comfort and a greater choice of restaurants the villages Didymoteicho, Stavroupoli, Paranesti are good places to stay as a starting point into the Rhodopes.

The area is partly very solitary and you can walk for hours without seeing other humans. In many areas are no restaurants, hospitals or any infrastructure. It is advisable not to go alone into the forests.

• Kavala – A harbour town with scenic old town. Ferry boats to Thasos Island start here.
• Thasos – One of the most beautiful Greek islands.
• Samothrace – A small island of stunning natural beauty and peaceful silence.
• Chalkidiki – One of the main Greek tourist areas with hundreds of beaches.

• Plovdiv – The second-largest city in Bulgaria, and one of the oldest settlements in Europe.
• Melnik – A photogenic traditional town with wineries and wine cellars.